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Coming SoonEvidence-Based Lighting Design[ more ]Evidence-based Lighting Design

Namasté

The light in me honors the light in you.

Deborah Burnett Deborah Burnett

Welcome to my blog

INTERMITTENT GLIMPSES INTO MY MIND
OF ALL THINGS EPIGENETIC DESIGN... AND BEYOND





What is EPIGENETIC DESIGN …and WHY does it Matter?


What is EPIGENETIC DESIGN and why does the relationship of our genetic functioning to modern day architecture, design, decorating and construction of the built environment really matter? When it comes to human health, job performance, workplace productivity, learning and mental cognition, sleep, and even how fast we heal, the answer is a shining bright light at the end of a long, dark, tunnel of windowless environments, overly bright nights, acoustically noisy and overly-chilled spaces, inadequate workplace lighting, and "design" for the sake of trend setting aesthetics alone.

Since the late 1990’s when human genetic research demonstrated, and later proved that specific genes respond, and are dependent on, signals from the environment to express ( turn on ) without changing the sequence of the gene, the flood gates were opened for scientific and medical research demonstrating how and why the extracellular environment is affecting genetic expression and the consequences it has on our body, brain and emotions. Known as ZEITGEBERS, the main environmental cues responsible for genetic signaling are LIGHT and TEMPERATURE and when the cyclic nature of these naturally occurring cues are disrupted, then the body and brain respond with health and wellness related consequences. And it's these same cues within the built environment that are largely determined and controlled by architects, designers, contractors and building occupants. After all, it's the architect who determines the size and location of a structure's windows and openings to the exterior, the designer who is responsible for the indoor artificial lighting levels and natural light blocking window coverings, and the building occupant who makes the decision to maintain a constant indoor climate even though we are designed to experience warmer daytime air temps and cooler nights. In all cases, an artificial disruption of the naturally occuring cycle of varring day /night ambient temperatures and ever changing light levels throughout a 24.2 hour period is specified without first understanding how and why the body and brain will react to artifically manipulated light and temperature zeitgerbers. And when the consequences of not understanding will someday be measured in rising breast cancer rates, increasing waist bands and failing grades, the intent-driven design practice of EPIGENETIC DESIGN and the push to inform the public and A&D community to the health related consequences of their design and lifestyle decisions becomes apparent.

Based on a working knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, anthropometrics, neurophysiology, and neuroendocrinology,the emerging practice of evidence- based EPIGENETIC DESIGN is encouraging worldwide understanding and dissemination of main stream scientific and medical research which demonstrates that the disruption or artificial elimination of the zeitgerbers of natural light and temperature are now correlated, or in some cases causative, for major health concerns such as: breast cancer, chronic disruptions of the sleep/wake cycle, decreases in cognition and mental acuity, increases in dementia related behaviors, slower healing and recovery rates, increased weight gain, infantile SIDS and many other health and lifestyle problems that can be impacted by failing to understand the design relationship to the human need for phase dependant light cycles of specific wavelengths coupled with phase dependant temperature fluctuations throughout a 24.2 hour period. And the evidence for epigenetic design understanding is especially clear in the area of sleep, where the process of sleep itself is dependent on the Zeitgeber cues of daytime light, darkness at night, cooler nighttime temperatures and warmer days in order to achieve a positive pattern of quality sleep throughout a cradle to grave lifetime. And when you consider that the past 70 years of architectural and interior design has been a somewhat monochromatic, windowless environment filled with an indiscriminant bombardment of poor quality 24/7 artificial light and a forced-air, set temp climate control, it’s no wonder that science and medicine are now taking a concerted look at the built environment /health interconnection.

So why should designers, architects, healthcare management teams, hotel developers, business owners, local school board members, moms, dads and the average guy on the street, understand the importance of the design/health relationship regarding the spaces they occupy everyday and go home to each night ? Again,the answer is simple; because when we take up the challenge of EPIGENETIC DESIGN and approach each and every project from a human- centered perspective... we all win. By designing each and every space from jails to hospitals, homes to hotels, and schools to sports arenas, with the body and brain in mind BEFORE we consider the aesthetic and economic constraints, THEN we truly have created a health conducive, aesthetically pleasing, nurturing place in which we ALL can work, shop, relax, learn, heal and…. call home!


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C Nissen, C Klopfer, B Feige, D Riemann. "Impaired Memory Consolidation During Sleep in Primary Insomnia." SLEEP Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorder Research (Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC) 31 Abstract Supplement (2008): A227.

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Coleman-Phlox, Kimberely, and Li et al. De-Kun. "Use of A Fan During Sleep and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome." Archive of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (Archive of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine) 162, no. (10) 963 - 968 (October 2008).

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Duffy, Jeanne, Jamie M. Zeitzer, David. W. Rimmer, Elizabeth B. Klerman, and Derk-Jan Dijk. "Peak of circadian melatonin rhythm occurs later within the sleep of older subjects." American Journal of Physiological Endocrinaol Metab, 2002: E297-E303.

Edwards, L., and P. Torcellini. "A literature review of the effects of natural light on building occupants." National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002.

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J.H. Lee, K.J. An, T.H. Kim, S.J. Kim and J.H. Jhoo. "Neuocognative Function Related with the Sleep-Wake Rhythm in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Patients." Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research (Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC) 31, no. Abstract Supplement (2008): A50.

Kimble, S. Lee L.P. "Daytime Light Exposure and Well-Being Amoung Mothers of Low Birth Weight Infants: A Preliminary Report." Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research (Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC) 31, no. Abstract Supplement (2008): A49.

Lockley, S., Brainard, G., Czeisler,C. " High Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm to Resetting by Short Wavelength Light" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88(9)June 2003: 4502-4506

Lonnqvist, T. Partonen and J. "Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people." Journal of Affective Disorder 57 (2000): 55-61.

Mariana G. Figuerio, John D. Bullough, Robert H. parsons, Mark S. Rea. "Preliminary evidence for a change in spectral sensitivity of the circadian system at night." Journal of Circadian Rhythms 3, no. 14 (December 2005).

Miller, C.L., and R. Whitman. "The effects of cycled versus non-cycled lighting on growth and development in preterm infants." Infant Behavior and Development 18, no. 1: 87-95.

Mishima, K., Okawa M. et al. " Diminished Melatonin Secretion in the Elderly Caused by Insufficient Environmental Illumination" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol 86 No.1 ( September 2001 ); 129 - 134

Rea, Dr. Mark. "Framework developed for testing how lighting can affect human health; New scientific model will be featured in Brain Research Reviews." October 19, 2005.
Roberto Refinetti, Ph.D. Circadian Physiology Second Edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

Schwalb, Nina. Science Daily : Can Genetic Information Be Controlled By Light? October 10, 2008.
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Sloan, P.D., C.M. Mitchell, and J. Preisser. "Environmental correlates of resident agitation in Alzheimer's disease special care units." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46 (1998): 862-869.

SW Lockley, EE Evans, FA Scheer, GC Brainard, CA Czeisler, D Aeschbach. "Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans." Sleep 29 (2006): 161-168.

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Terman, M., J.S. Terman, and D.C. Ross. "A controlled trial of timed bright light and negative air ionization for treatment of winter depression." Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (1998): 875.

University, Brandeis. Two Brandeis Scientists Shed Light On The First Photoreceptor Known To Set Circadian Rhythms. November 24, 1998.
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Y Zhu, HN Brown, Y Zhang, RG Stevens, T Zheng. "Period3 Structural Variation: A Circadian Biomaker Associated with Breast Cancer in Young Women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomakers Prevention 14 (2005): 268-70.

DIGGING up DIRT …on DIRT !
Posted by Deborah Burnett, ASID CMG

It seems that everyone in the healthcare industry has a basic understanding of the aesthetic role that garden filled atriums and well placed live greenery in the healing environment provide, but have you ever really considered how these areas go about doing all the great things we naturally associate with these interventions? And more importantly, how and WHY does the human body and brain utilize these areas in the actual healing process? After all, what is so special about dirt filled areas anyway? Well it turns out that the answer is more than you think, as evidenced by two recent investigations into that dark, loamy, natural stuff that everyone loves to hate. It seems that researchers in London have uncovered the health enhancing benefits of friendly microbes hidden within common garden soil, and with this discovery, could come a greater emphasis on incorporating dirt -rich environments in the healthcare setting. Their landmark study has shown that lung cancer patients coming in contact with the soil- borne ‘Mycobacterium’ have reported an increase in their overall mood and quality of life, two necessary ingredients in any recovering process. Additionally the researchers suspect that the dirt loving bacteria play an indirect role in health promoting neurophysiology by stimulating specific nerve cells that release serotonin in the prefrontal cortex, an area known to be involved with mood. And if that is not enough TMI on dirt, consider this; given the high use of necessary toxic chemicals and metal compounds used throughout the healthcare setting, what would you think if dirt could actually help dissipate or totally eliminate any air borne traces of these toxins? Well thanks to researchers in Ohio, we now have yet another reason to incorporate indoor natural garden areas within the healthcare setting, because they found that the common soil bacteria, Shewanella, has been shown to actively transform and render harmless air borne toxic metals by seeking out and ‘inhaling ’ this nasty stuff thus converting then to a benign byproduct of plant respiration; AKA oxygen. gheeee …and you thought dirt was ‘plain dirty’ in the healthcare setting 
Lowry CA, et al. Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: Potential role in regulation of emotional behavior. Neuroscience. 2007; 146(2):756-772. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience. 2007.01.067.
Lower BH, et al. Specific Bonds between an Iron Oxide Surface and Outer Membrane Cytochromes MtrC and OmcA from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1Journal of Bacteriology, July 2007, p. 4944-4952, Vol. 189, No. 13 0021-9193/07/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/JB.01518-06
Healing Rhythms
posted by Deborah Burnett ASID CMG

“OMG…another painful procedure without relief!” Unfortunately, those words are heard all too often as patients go about the painful process of healing in today’s modern hospitals.
However a simple design related intervention can make all of the difference to millions of patients each year by significantly reducing the need for pain meds for those patients undergoing routine invasive procedures, as well as lowering sedation meds for those patients about to undergo surgery. And for psychiatric patients, whose mental anguish can be just as painful as a physical procedure, this one simple design related intervention can actually relax patients to the point that 87% of the 6000 patients enrolled in a recent Danish study DIDN’T EVEN REQUIRE MEDS to calm down and sleep pain free. So why are YOU not familiar with this simple, evidence based design intervention for patient and procedural rooms? If the phrase ‘It’s not my job’ is your answer, I’d like for you to remember another phrase “ Ignorance is not a defense” as this could very well apply to the professional designer as the evidence in support of this pain reduction modality is growing. And with recent articles in main stream media and professional journals it may soon be the norm to routinely include this evidence based design related intervention in every healthcare facility, if not only to reduce the long term costs of the pain meds themselves! Puzzled? Never heard of this miracle design intervention for reducing pain meds, lowering blood pressure and mitigating pain and suffering? Could it be a new technological paint or wall covering? Or how about a high tech floor covering that not only kills bacteria but effectively stops patient’s pain in its tracks? NOPE, nothing as advanced nor SCIFI as that, but rather an elegantly simple, low tech ambient design feature that’s as ancient and human-centered as time itself- MUSIC. And guess whose job it will be to design and plan for the necessary wiring, speakers, acoustics and selection devices that every treatment room, patient room and surgical suite will require in order to effectively transmit vibratory sound and audible music as a modality for pain mitigation and relief? …… YOU guessed it!

A Healthy Dose of COLOR
posted by Deborah Burnett, ASID CMG AASM

For the healthcare design professional, specifying a patient room color palette is a little like color forecasting: specifying surface and furnishing colorations that will remain trendy for several years but yet still be consistent with the latest design related evidence based research. But when you consider the limited availability of COLOR research for the healthcare setting, specifying color is increasingly difficult, so why not seek evidence from main stream science and the basic tenant of color: LIGHT IS COLOR and COLOR is LIGHT. Currently the scientific photo biological research percolating from the world’s leading labs such as Johns Hopkins, Harvard, Tulane, and Thomas Jefferson is demonstrating how low levels of specific wavelengths ( colors ) of light affect the human brain and body as well as solicit an epigenetic response on DNA. Examining the strength of their research, it is not a stretch to see that for future healthcare design pros, this means one thing- specifying healthcare color in the form of ever changing light as a customized prescription for health and wound healing. Curious? Here’s my color forecast for things to come:
Because of rising iatrogenic infection rates and concerns with surface transmission sites, within a few years we will see patient room walls constructed of clear glass or antimicrobial polycarbonate panels backlit with computer-controlled LED lighting. This will eliminate drywall and the subsequent need for applying high maintenance pigmented colorant such as paint or wall covering. What happens next is amazing; the ability to ‘dialup’ wavelengths of specific colored light which would emanate from the panels and fill each room with prescribed colored light selected to assist the body and brain as it fights illness, tries to sleep and goes about healing wounds. Based on mainstream photobiological research, the design pro will be specifying a neutral, light reflecting, patient room color palette which would ensure a high degree of compatibility with any physician ordered colored light ‘dialed up’ for each patient. With the installation of a user friendly computer interface system provided for each patient room, similar to the real life unit scheduled for the NASA lunar and Martian landings, the health care professional will be able to ‘dial up’ the specific wavelength of colored light deemed appropriate for a specific condition, illness or procedure. In other words, future healthcare designers will be specifying a patient room color palette that would be adaptable for each new patient and be supportive of an environmentally derived healing dose of colored light! So what are your thoughts on the future of healthcare color…… I’d love to hear your comments!

SLEEP...the new frontier
posted by Deborah Burnett, ASID CMG


Ever since the millennial transition, the world of the healthcare A&D professional has expanded thanks in part to the scientific discoveries of neurogenesis and the growing understanding as to the importance of environmental daytime light and the need for darkness at night especially as it relates to sleep. The process of neurogenesis ( the brain’s ability to regenerate and grow new neurons) has opened the interconnected design/science door between our two professions because it establishes the long sought after link between the brain and the built environment. And the process of NEUROGENESIS is leading the way because this growth promoting function can only occur in an “enriched environment” such as rooms that provide bright, light-filled days and darkened conditions at night, contrasting visual stimuli, expansive nature views with access to natural sights and sounds, and an interior environment that supports the body and brain in the process of sleep. But as in life, nothing is easy and especially for the healthcare design professional, because here lays the problem. How do you provide patient and long term care residents the daytime light-filled rooms AND the night time darkened environments (both conditions needed to promote sleep) while allowing nighttime medical intrusions such as numerous bursts of corridor light trespassing into a sleeping patient’s darkened room, and the barbaric burst of white night lighting as duty staff go about their routine middle of the night vital checks and blood drawls?
A few weeks ago another blogger had presented her thoughts on a unique medical training concept called ‘narrative medicine’ which describes how new physicians were encouraged to explore outside of their fields in order to fully understand their patients needs and conditions. So to that I pose the challenge for the A&D professional to uncover the existing solution that is hidden within emerging medical and scientific research. For unless we go outside of the design world and approach patient room design from the perspective of what the body and brain need for achieving optimal sleep and healing, we will not be designing spaces with the patient’s best interest in mind …especially when it comes to getting a good night’s sleep.

BRING on the NIGHT! - a need for darkness

posted by Deborah Burnett, ASID CMG

Yes!... I’m finally beginning to feel like my old self! It’s been rough since the Spring Equinox and the roll back to Daylight Savings time, but my biological clock is finally entraining to longer days and shorter nights…. and I’m not alone. For the two week period following the transition to Daylight Savings Time, recent studies have also shown an increase in cardiac admissions and a rise in traffic accidents to also occur. ( Kantermann, T. et al 2007)

Sure, blame it on the loss of an hour’s sleep, but my spin is that we humans are also keying in on the unusual equality between light and dark during the celestial Spring Equinox thus bringing about the fractured sleep, daytime fatigue and an unsettling feeling of unease so many experience. So when a few hours of unusual light cues and a 1 hour sleep loss can disrupt so many, what happens when we continually push with ever increasing 24/7 artificial light at night? Could it be a disruption so great to the human system to bring about a rise in the occurrences of cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome, ADHD and many other modern day afflictions? Not a new question since 1963 when Wurtman and colleagues first reported that nighttime melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland was under the inhibitory control of light, we’ve known that the delicate balance of environmental light and dark played a major role in our overall health, yet we continue with wholesale indiscriminate use of bright nighttime artificial light. And this is especially concerning when you consider that less than 10 foot candles of room light during a period naturally intended for darkness is enough to suppress a major hormone, it is a tribute to our body’s designer that we are functioning as well as we have these many years under the glare of artificial 24/7 light ( Zeitzer J. et al 2000).

So what role does the designer of the built environment play in all of this? First of all, I’m not suggesting that we take the blame nor forgo the use of artificial light after dark, but rather that we, the entire A&D community dig deeper into the evidence-based data on how light and darkness affect the human body and brain, and then apply that research to not only patient rooms, but EVERY SPACE we design: from public gathering areas and workplace environments, to residential homes and bedrooms. Every building we construct, every room we design, all must be crafted with a skill set knowledgeable into how we are dependent on light zeitgebers such as daytime blue wavelength light, a mid period of white to red shifted evening light, and sustained low-light darkness at night in order to correctly signal bodily and neurological functions necessary for our healthy survival. And once we collectively decide to support the body and brain with our creative efforts, we will be designing….. with darkness in mind.

Duffy, J.F. et al ( 2005) Entrainment of the human circadian System by light BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS 2005 Aug; 20(4): 326-38
Kantermann, T. et al ( 2007 ) The human Circadian clock’s seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight savings time. CURRENT BIOLOGY 2007 Nov 20;17(22);1996-2000.Epup 2007 Oct 25.
Wurtman, R.J. et al ( 1963) Melatonin synthesis in the Pineal gland: control by light. SCIENCE 1963 Nov 22;142:1071-3
Zeitzer et al ( 2000 ) Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. JOURNAL of PHYSIOLOGY 526.3, 695-702




The information contained, linked and presented on this website is not intended as specific medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical treatment, diagnosis or intervention

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Knowledge to Practice: Epigenetic Design and the Built Environment
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Evidence-Based Lighting Design, Deborah’s new book
– Wiley, Spring 2014!

Daylighting and Its Impact on Infertility
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